The Moon is unique among large natural satellites because it shows two hemispheres that are strikingly different in appearance, composition and geological history. These hemispheres are commonly called the near side (the side always facing Earth) and the far side (the side that faces away from Earth). This difference is not due to chance or…

The Sun and the Moon have always occupied a central place in human understanding of the universe. From ancient civilizations to modern science, these celestial bodies have been interpreted in different ways to explain natural phenomena, time and life itself. This paper explores both the mythological interpretations and the scientific explanations of the Sun and…

1. Introduction: Why Lunar Craters Matter The Moon’s surface is covered with countless craters formed by asteroid and meteorite impacts over billions of years. Unlike Earth, the Moon lacks an atmosphere, weather and active plate tectonics so these craters remain preserved for extremely long periods. Because of this preservation, lunar craters act like time machines…

1. What Is Gravitational Relationship Gravitation is a mutual attractive force between any two masses in the universe. According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: F = G(m1*m2/r^2) Where: More mass = Stronger gravityMore distance = Weaker gravity 2. The Three-Body System: Sun–Earth–Moon The Sun, Earth and Moon form a gravitationally bound three-body system where…

Although the Moon appears calm and simple from Earth, its interior hides a complex and fascinating structure shaped by ancient cosmic events. Scientists have uncovered the Moon’s internal layers using seismic data from Apollo missions, lunar rock samples, gravity measurements and modern spacecraft observations. The Moon’s anatomy reveals clues about its violent origin, thermal history…

Auroras—often called the Northern and Southern Lights—are among the most breathtaking natural displays on Earth. Shimmering curtains of green, red, purple, and blue light ripple across polar skies, appearing calm and magical. But behind this beauty lies a story of solar violence, charged particles, and powerful space weather driven by the Sun. The Sun: A…

Around 4.5 billion years ago, the early solar system was a violent, chaotic place filled with newborn planets, drifting debris and colossal collisions. One such event, often described as a cosmic accident, reshaped Earth permanently and set the stage for life as we know it. The Catastrophic Collision Scientists believe a Mars-sized protoplanet, commonly called…

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe has made history by becoming the first spacecraft to fly directly through the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the corona. Launched in August 2018, the mission was designed to solve long-standing mysteries about the Sun by getting closer than any spacecraft before it. During its closest approaches, Parker traveled to within…

1. What the “Shifting Smile” Means The “Shifting Smile” refers to the changing shape of the Moon that we see from Earth — the phases of the Moon. Sometimes it looks like a thin crescent, sometimes a half-circle and sometimes full. This smile is not because the Moon changes shape but because the sunlight hitting…