To understand why Earth isn’t a perfect sphere, we have to look at the intersection of history, physics, and modern satellite technology. It is a story of a scientific “feud,” the invisible forces of rotation, and a “lumpy” reality that affects everything from your weight to the path of GPS satellites. 1. The Mathematical Standards…
Scaling the Sun to a doorIf we imagine the Sun shrunk down to the size of a typical door about 2 meters (6.5 feet) tall we’re creating a scale model to help understand astronomical distances. The real Sun is about 1.39 million kilometers in diameter so this scale dramatically compresses the solar system while keeping…
Solar energy begins its journey deep in the Sun’s core where nuclear fusion occurs. Under extreme temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium releasing enormous amounts of energy in the form of gamma-ray photons. This process converts a small amount of mass into energy according to Einstein’s equation E = mc^2 , making…
Sunspots and Their AppearanceSunspots are dark, cooler regions that appear on the surface of the Sun specifically on the photosphere. They look dark only in contrast to the surrounding areas which are much hotter and brighter. A typical sunspot has a central dark region called the umbra surrounded by a lighter, filament-like area known as…
Introduction: Is the Sun a Perfect Sphere At first glance, the Sun appears to be a perfectly round sphere. Telescopes, space probes and everyday observations all suggest a smooth, circular disk. However, when scientists measure the Sun with extreme precision, they find that it is not a mathematically perfect sphere. Instead, the Sun is very…
Granulation on the Sun is a visible pattern on the Sun’s photosphere (its visible surface) caused by intense convective motion of hot plasma. The surface looks like a field of bright, irregular cells surrounded by darker borders, resembling boiling water. This pattern is not solid or static , it is constantly forming, evolving and disappearing…
What Are Solar Sound WavesSolar sound waves are pressure waves also called acoustic or p-mode oscillations that travel through the Sun’s interior. These waves are generated by turbulent motions in the Sun’s outer layer where hot plasma rises and cooler plasma sinks. Although sound cannot travel through space, these vibrations move efficiently inside the Sun’s…
THE NORTH POLE — Scientists have confirmed the existence of a terrifying yet beautiful celestial phenomenon: the “Space Hurricane.” Unlike the swirling winds and rain of a tropical storm, these cosmic tempests are massive, 600-mile-wide funnels of glowing plasma that “rain” electrons directly into Earth’s upper atmosphere. First identified in 2021 by an international team…
What Is Axial Tilt and Why It MattersAxial tilt refers to the angle between a planet’s rotational axis and the perpendicular to its orbital plane. Earth’s axial tilt is about 23.5 degrees which is responsible for the changing seasons, balanced climate zones and predictable solar energy distribution. If this tilt were to change dramatically, Earth…
GENEVA – In what researchers are calling the “ultimate baby picture,” astrophysicists have confirmed that the universe isn’t just a vast, empty void—it has a definitive temperature. Data from space-based observatories have solidified our understanding of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the faint thermal glow left over from the dawn of time. While the night…
